Platypus Essays - Monotremes, Sleep, Dream, Neurophysiology

Platypus The platypus, apparently, is a surprisingly deep sleeper. What's more, it spends more of its time in so-called 'REM' sleep than any other mammal. These are the conclusions of a study on sleep in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and colleagues. Their report appears in a special number of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society devoted to the biology of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), celebrating the bicentenary of the discovery, in Australia, of this remarkable animal. 'REM' stands for 'rapid eye-movement' and is the kind of sleep in which the brain can be more active than in it is while awake, the animal twitches, and the eyelids flicker ? hence the name. In humans, REM sleep is associated with dreaming. But does the platypus have an extraordinarily rich dream life? Possibly not, say the researchers: "cats, opossums, armadillos and other mammals not known for their intellectual achievements have far more REM sleep, whether calculated in hours per day or as a percentage of total sleep time, than humans." And why study sleep in the platypus anyway? After all, the platypus is an obscure and extremely primitive creature, distantly related to humans. The answer lies in that primitive state: studying the physiology of the platypus could yield clues about the life and behaviour of the very earliest mammals. The platypus belongs to a group of mammals with very ancient roots. Apart from the platypus itself, the group ? the monotremes ? includes two species of echidna, or 'spiny anteater'. All three species are confined to Australasia. Monotremes lay eggs, like birds and reptiles, but unlike all other mammals. They also have a range of other reptile-like anatomical features, features that have been lost in more 'advanced' mammals. Researchers think that monotremes have been distinct as a group for at least 80 million years, long before the dinosaurs became extinct. Monotremes have taken a cameo role in studies on the evolution of mammalian brain function. A study in 1972 suggested that the echidna Tachyglossus had no REM sleep. This was important, because it implied that REM sleep must have evolved in higher mammals. Subsequent research made this result look anomalous, as REM-like sleep phenomena have since been observed in birds and some reptiles: in which case, the echidna may have lost the capacity somewhere in its evolution. This is the conundrum that Siegel and colleagues have been investigating. First, it turns out that the term 'REM' is a misnomer: animals may show REM sleep even though their eyes don't move, and their bodies don't twitch. REM is properly defined as a characteristic pattern of activity in the brain, generated by specific neuronal pathways in the brainstem ? whether or not this activity is carried forwards into the 'higher' centres of the brain (where it is manifested as dreaming). Recordings from discreetly implanted electrodes show that the echidna does, after all, show a kind of REM sleep generated by the brainstem, even though it is rather muted and the animal shows no outward signs. Young animals show more REM sleep than older ones, and it could be that very young echidnas have a more active sleeping life (including twitching) than older ones. The platypus, though, shows all the classic outward signs of REM sleep. Indeed, an account from as long ago as 1860, before REM sleep was discovered, reported that young platypus showed 'swimming' movements of their forepaws while asleep. Despite these differences, the REM sleep of the platypus and the echidna is confined to the brainstem: the forebrain shows the regular, steady patterns of neuronal activity associated with deep, dreamless sleep. This suggests that for all their REM sleep, monotremes do not dream. These findings set our understanding of the evolution of sleep on a firmer footing. It now seems that the 'core' brainstem activity manifested as REM sleep has extremely ancient roots, going back to the reptilian acnestors of mammals as well as birds. The elaboration of REM sleep into the forebrain is a later innovation: but whether it evolved once and monotremes have since lost it, or if it evolved more than once, is something that only more work on birds and reptiles can establish. The platypus, apparently, is a surprisingly deep sleeper. What's more, it spends more of its time in so-called 'REM' sleep than any other mammal. These are the conclusions of a study on sleep in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and colleagues. Their report appears

The Definition of a Dermal Denticle

The Definition of a Dermal Denticle Dermal denticles (placoid scales) are tough scales that cover the skin of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). Even though denticles are similar to scales, they are actually just modified teeth and are covered with hard enamel. These structures are packed tightly together and grow with their tips facing backward, giving the skin a rough feel if you run your finger from tail to head, and a smooth feel from head to tail. What Dermal Denticles Do The main function of these denticles is for protection against predators, kind of like a naturally occurring  chainmail armor, although in some sharks they have a hydrodynamic function. The denticles reduce turbulence and drag which allows the shark to swim faster and covertly. Some swimsuit manufacturers are trying to replicate sharks denticles in swimsuit material in order to help swimmers cut through the water faster.   Like our teeth, dermal denticles have an inner core of pulp (made up of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves), covered by a layer of dentine (hard calcareous material). This is covered with an enamel-like vitrodentine, which provides a hard outer casing. While scales in bony fish grow as the fish gets large, dermal denticles stop growing after they reach a certain size. More denticles are added later as the fish grows.

Assignment 1

Can sit unsupported on floor for a period of 10-15 minutes. Is able to lean forward to pick up an object while maintaining balance. Can rotate body to look sideways and reach out to grasp a suspended object or to pick up a toy from the floor. Demonstrates energetic movements of entire body while in cot, pram or bath. Is able to advance across the floor by using rolling or squirming movements. Makes attempts to crawl and is occasionally successful. Has the ability to strand by using surrounding objects as support to achieve an upright position. But is unable to lower themselves back to the floor in a controlled fashion. When supported in a standing position, can take steps using alternative feet. Demonstrates a visual awareness of people, objects and events which occur in the environment. When offered an object, they will reach out to grab it. Handles objects eagerly and inquisitively, using hands to manipulate them for examination. Pokes at small objects with index finger and uses same finger to point at objects which are out of reach. Can pick up small objects between finger and thumb in a crude ‘pincer’ hold. Can release a held object by dropping it, but is unable to set it down in a controlled manner. Correctly follows the direction of fallen objects, including those falling out of sight. Observes actions of adjacent adults, children and animals with interest for period of a few minutes. Become steady on their feet and display more controlled movements. Can carry an object such as a toy whilst walking. Can climb onto a large chair and turn to sit on it. Kneel without any support and squat to pick up an object. Begin to run steadily but cannot avoid objects. Begin to walk upstairs using a railing, putting two feet on each step. Point to objects that they recognise. Build a small tower using 3-4 blocks. Hold their own spoon when feeding themselves. Hold a pencil with their whole hand or between the thumb and the first two fingers, known as primitive tripod grasp. Can thread large beads onto lace. walks or run by self up and down steps. can stand ,walk and hop. Skilfully climbs trees. Rides a trike expertly . Able to cross arms and legs. Able to throw, catch, Bounce and kick a ball. Dance to music Able to walk on a fine line Able to stand alone on 1 foot for about 1o seconds Can stretch touch toes without moving knees. Can grip strongly with both hands. Able to hop a short distance using both feet. Jump from objects with confidence Able to run and jump avoiding objects Hop with good balance and using both feet and kick a football Able to throw and catch with accuracy Use a two wheeled bicycle with or without stabilisers Skip alternating feet Build towers with blocks high and straight Hold a pencil, write numbers or letters, write their own name May start writing simple stories Walk along bean using arms for balance Use apparatus with skill Increased stamina Use colours naturalistic (green for grass/blue for sky Draw people with features Use a large needle to sew Can ride a 2 wheeled bike quite easily Can skip, hop and run quite confidently Begin to change in appearance and experience puberty Have more control in writing Become more detailed in drawing Growth accelerates Puberty Boys voice changes Girls breast grow Appetites increase Skin may become more oily, causing problems such as acne. Emotional, Social, Behavioural and Moral Newborn– 6 months 9 months –15mts 18 Months – 3 Years 4 – 5 Years 6 – 7 Years 8 – 12 Years 13 to 19 Years New born till 1 month:- Cuddling Shows pleasure at feeding 1-3 months:- Smiles at familiar adult Forces on adult face when being feed Starting to show emotions Take pleasure in sucking Looks in direction when someone is speaking 3-6 months:- Gets pleasure from familiar routine e. g. bedtime bath time Forces on parent/carer giver when feeding Shows enjoyment when cradled Smiles at everyone in their surrounding Stay awake for pro-longed periods At this age 70% sleep through the night 6-9months:- Copies other people emotions Starts finger foods Becomes upset when parent/carer leaves room Becomes shy around strangers Begin to share toys 9-12months:- Likes to chew/suck on objects Drinks from cup with a lid Takes pleasure in making noise with toys Gets pleasure from pointing at what they want Enjoys solitary play Likes familiar adult to be close by ( make strange) Gets pleasure from music and rhyme Know what they want when feeding and at bed time May want a comforter when unsettled

Evaluating and reviewing current technologies within genetics and Essay

Evaluating and reviewing current technologies within genetics and biotechnology - Essay Example Some endangered species may recover on the brink of extinction, while others will never recover and may be lost forever. According to Neglia (2011), paleontologists estimate that 90 percent of flora and fauna that ever existed have gone extinct. Biotechnology scientists have embarked on extensive use of biotechnology to breed and conserve the endangered species. Biotechnology constitutes techniques that use substances from living organisms to make modified products or develop microorganisms for specific purposes (Gonzalez-Benito & Martin, 2011). Most of the biotechnologies have already been adopted while others are being developed. These biotechnologies include embryo-transfer, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation, ova-pick-up, In-vitro fertilization, embryo splitting, sperm sexing and cloning. Embryo-transfer Embryo transfer is a step in the process of assisted reproduction where embryos are placed in the uterus of a female with the intention of establishing pregnancy (Thongp hakdee et al, 2011). Biotechnologists have identified this procedure to be one of the best technologies in protecting species extinction. The primary demerit of embryo transfer is that it is not economically feasible in small-scale application; however, embryo transfer greatly contributes to genetic improvement in local breeds and restoration of endangered species (Klotzko, 2006). Embryo transfer is advantageous since it affords the possibility of producing a variety of progeny from a female species. This means that one female can be enhanced through biotechnology to produce several offsprings, just as male sperms can be used to fertilize several ova in Artificial Insemination. Biotechnologists, for example, have succeeded in increasing the lifetime productivity of Brown Pelican, Cheetah, Desert Tortoise, and Cockatoo from between six and ten offs springs to twenty-five (Iguchi & Kitano, 2008). Increased numbers of calves ensure that these species are not endangered and protect them from extinction (Hosseini, Fazilati, Moulavi, Foruzanfar, Hajian, Abedi, Nasiri, Kaveh, Shahverdi, Hemami & Nasr-esfahani, 2009). Another advantage of embryo transfer is that genetically outstanding animals have the potential for breeding program and their male young ones are usually selected for use in Artificial Insemination (Field, 2012). These male offsprings have excellent adaptive features that enable them to withstand harsh conditions in diverse environments, thus protecting endangered animals from possible extinction. Scientists can enhance the rate of genetic change with specially designed breeding schemes. This increases the chances of maximizing on the advantages of increased intensity of female selections and possible increase in turnover of generations (Verma, Kumar, Kumar & Chand, 2012). Increased generations turnover is the objective of genetic biotechnologists in their struggle to achieve protection of endangered species from possible extinction. Ethical considerati ons concerning embryo transfer include consent of donors and recipients, avoidance to mix gametes or embryos from different sources, and meeting the settlement of donor expenses. Artificial Insemination Artificial insemination involves deliberate introduction of semen into a female oviduct for the purpose of fertilization by means other than copulation (Araujo, Ginther, Ferreira, Palha?o, Beg & Wiltbank, 2009). The male

Professionalism in the Work Place Research Paper

Professionalism in the Work Place - Research Paper Example Competent nurses should be inquisitive about their profession. Nurses maintain their professionalism through open-minded operations and accommodating complementary skills. In addition, they acquire good communication skills that are important in helping them review basics of nursing care and practice. The dress code adopted by nurses should instill confidence in patients and display professionalism. It should be uncomplicated, formal, uniform and purposeful. Nurses should be in uniforms at workplace for identification and enhancement of public image about nursing profession. In addition, the color of the dress depicts a lot. For instance, white uniforms are epitomic of cleanliness. Nurses should have positive behavioral attitude towards their patients. They should neither discriminate nor disclose confidential medical information. Maintaining supportive, engaging and nurturing environment through moral and accommodative behavior should constitute core values among nurses. Based on the analysis of professionalism in nursing practice, maintaining positive moral behavior enhances their coordination with patients and colleagues at the workplace. In addition, effective communication is fundamental in achieving confidentiality and coordination of nursing practice. Desirable behavior is vital in the execution of nursing practice. Nurses must adopt proper professionalism at the workplace to provide quality health care. Bunkenborg, G., Samuelson, K., Ã…keson, J., & Poulsen, I. (2013). Impact of Professionalism in Nursing on In-Hospital Bedside Monitoring Practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(7), 1466-1477.

The Gospel Of St. Paul Essay Example for Free

The Gospel Of St. Paul Essay The Apostle of the Gentiles as Saint Paul is revered as, is a persecutor of the followers of Christ, of Christians. It was on his way to Damascus that Jesus Christ revealed Himself to Saul (the Jewish name of Paul). It is in Chapter 22 of the Book of Acts that the incident was narrated when Jesus Christ asked Paul as to why Paul is persecuting the Lord. Hence, the Lord Jesus commanded Paul to go to Ananias where Paul got the message that the Lord has chosen him to spread his Word and declare His name to all pagans and Kings and nations. This revelation that brought about the conversion of Paul is due to the spirit of the Lord Jesus Christ to have dwelt in Paul. Paul awakened to the distinction of the life he wishes and is destined to pursue as a Christian compared to his life as a Jew. Being born with the spirit of Jesus Christ at that instance and thenon caused the Word of God to dwell in him It was immediately clear to Paul who is Jesus Christ and how he will communicate to the whole world about him. It is a paramount teaching and admonition of Saint Paul that mankind should listen to the spirit, as he wrote his First Letters to the Thessalonians (Chapter 5 Verse 13). Paul thus was fully empowered and authorized to spread the Word of God and the Knowledge of God. â€Å"Paul sees himself as a charismatic. Consequently his proclamation rests on the power of the spirit and is accompanied by signs and wonders. He was given the grace of the apostolic office. Through this he has special authority that he can exercise with regard to the church, even if he makes only reluctant use of it. † After the conversion and baptism of Paul in Damascus he went to Arabia to prepare for his mission. He returned to Damascus and started preaching which enraged the Jews. Feeling the threat of such anger, Paul visited Peter and the other apostles in Jerusalem. It was Barnabas who introduced Paul to Peter and the other apostles, declaring that Jesus Christ revealed himself to Paul and spoken to him and that Paul had already preached in the named of Jesus Christ. So when Peter and Paul met together with James, Paul learned from them everything about the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Peter narrated how the event happened and proven as Jesus Christ revealed himself as alive and risen from the dead to hundreds of people So, together with the 12 apostles and the witnesses to Christ’s resurrection, Paul considers his enlightenment as a way of tradition which he relays to those he converts to follow Jesus Christ. â€Å"Tradition was a living and growing thing in the first-century church: the tradition which Paul delivered was fuller than what he received, for he was able to amplify the record of appearances of the risen Lord with his personal testimony. † Peter and the rest of the apostles were wary about Paul as he was known to be a persecutor of Christians. Yet, they all felt and believed that they are indeed being made to be united for the mission that is to declare the Word of God. Paul and the apostles met with the Council of Jerusalem where they encountered the profound issue of the Mosaic Law – the commandments of God has handed down to Moses. One of the mandates that the Jews standby firm is that salvation will only be attained after circumcision in the manner of Moses. The law must be strictly adhered to and the people of Jerusalem believes no other means to heaven. â€Å"The law had a special relationship with Israel, particularly to protect and discipline Israel in the period from Moses to Christ. But that was a temporary role. It should not be assumed, however, that this is the only function of the law and therefore that the coming of Christ means the abolition of the law† Yet, Paul heard how Peter has explained that belief and living by the Word of God in the way Jesus Christ has taught and exemplified and lived and died for is the true message of salvation. It is in such faith, Peter and the apostles thus attested that God’s miracles and wonders that they have seen and done were made possible. It is to adhere to the Word of God and at the same time avoiding all sins of idolatry and lusts. Paul was further enlightened on what Jesus Christ gospels and teachings are geared to. That God is a forgiving and all knowing God. His Divine Plan for mankind is to live in peace and love amongst each other and to revere His Divinity as one and absolute. And as Paul went about his ministry to propagate the faith in such accord, he was known for the solidity of his thoughts, the fluidity of his message and the sanctity of his feelings for mankind. â€Å"Paul’s theology of God was no abstract speculation but sustained and informed by his own experience in conversion and mission and prayer. It is the integration of intellectual rigour, missionary and pastoral effectiveness, and personal experience which makes his speech about God so compelling. † Paul’s teaching about the goodness of God as exemplified in giving to the world His Only Son by dying on the cross. Yet he expounded on the lesson that death from this life is a transition to another, better life. Paul achieved the realization as he painstakingly preached that Jesus Christ proved that it is in dying that man is born to eternal life. â€Å"The power of Christianity inspired by this faith in the resurrection of Jesus Christ, it is hard for us now to realize. Eighteen centuries have intervened between our selves and the living witnesses of the resurrection. But then they were living. And yet there were difficulties which Paul had to encounter, and many of them. It was not plain or easy work. † Thus, the preaching method of Paul ventured on showing and demonstrating the goodness he experienced in his vision of Jesus Christ. His change and his commitment to the Lord were all gifted to him. Jesus Christ became the only basis of his interpretation of the goodness of God; what a true relationship to God is all about. It is because as Paul explained in his Letter to the Galatians in Chapter 1, Verses 12 to 16, his enlightenment and conversion and mission do not come from man but from Jesus Christ. â€Å"The connotation of communicated knowledge is reinforced by the fact that, strictly speaking, what is revealed in v. 12 is the ‘good news’ whereas the purpose of the revelation in v. 16 is ‘to preach good news’. In Paul’s case, conversion and call to ministry are inseparable† Bibliography: Abbott, Lyman. The Life and Letters of Paul the Apostle Boston and New York Houghton, Mifflin and Company The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1898 Becker, Jurgen; Dean, O. C. ; Soards, Marion L. Paul: Apostle of the Gentiles Westminster John Knox Press, 1993 Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. Paul, Apostle of the Heart Set Free Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000 Dunn, James D. G. The Theology of Paul the Apostle Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2006 O’Connor, Jerome Murphy- Paul: A Critical Life Oxford University, 1997 The Holy Bible. King James Version New York: American Bible Society, 1999 New York: Bartleby. com, 2000

Adverse Effects of the Atkins Diet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Adverse Effects of the Atkins Diet The Atkins diet prescribes a menu consisting of high-fat, high-protein foods that theoretically stimulate weight loss. However, excessive consumption of such foods is associated not only with weight loss, but also with several serious health problems. For example, heart disease and atherosclerosis have been linked to foods with high fat content. Further, replacing the carbohydrate component of one's diet with fat and protein stimulates a fat burning process called ketosis, which may adversely impact kidney and liver function; for some dieters, ketosis may result in dehydration and related symptoms, including muscle cramping and fatigue. Based upon the possible side effects of a high-fat, high-protein diet, it is reasonable to assert that the Atkins diet does not promote healthy food choices. Consequently, one's health might be affected adversely by the Atkins plan. As mentioned, heart disease and atherosclerosis are associated with the excessive consumption of high-fat foods encouraged under the Atkins program. More specifically, the Atkins diet places few restrictions on the quantity of fat consumed. One problem with this relatively unregulated intake of high-fat foods (e.g., butter) is that such foods, especially in large portions, have been linked to serious heart and vascular problems. For example, a recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that children who consumed large amounts of very high-fat foods (foods averaging 90% fat content) demonstrated significant increases in bad LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and a corresponding decrease in good HDL cholesterol1,2. Triglycerides are derived from glycerol, the chief component of fa... ...tkinsuooh.htm> 3 Webster's New World Dictionary and Thesaurus. 1996. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. 4 Journal of Ultasound Medicine . 5 Borgia M.C. and Medici F. "Perspectives in the Treatment of Dyslipidemias in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease" 6 Fogoros, M.D. et. al. 7 "Muscle Cramps/Twitching." . 8 "Sports Med Tips." . 9 "Ketones Definition." . 10 Bailey, Kathryn. "The Atkins' Diet: Friend or Foe?" . 11 Bailey, Kathryn. et.al. 12 HyperDictionary. .

One Ingredient To Make Bread

Have you ever just had a craving for some warm, amazing, homemade banana bread? Well, I have a simple but mouthwatering, taste bud tickling recipe to share. This banana bread recipe is great to bake for a tasty treat or a family get-together. All you have to do is purchase all the right ingredients, mix the correct amounts of ingredients together, bake in the oven and enjoy! The first thing you will need to do when making banana bread is to go to the store to purchase all the ingredients. You can find everything you will need to make this wonderful banana bread at your local grocery store. During your trip to the store you will need to buy sugar, flour, salt, baking soda, white vinegar, vegetable oil, milk, eggs, cooking spray such as Pam, nuts if you’d like, and of course bananas. When buying bananas the riper the better, I would actually recommend using bananas that are starting to turn brown because they are sweeter than when they first ripen. You will also need 2 large mixing bowls and a loaf pan, if you do not have these at home you will need to purchase them. After getting all these items you are ready to head home and make your yummy, homemade banana bread! Once you arrive home and take all your ingredients out you will need to preheat your oven to 350 degrees farenhigt. While the oven is preheating you will need to take out your first large mixing bowl and mix together 1 cup of sugar and ? of a cup of vegetable oil. In the second mixing bowl mash the bananas with a fork and mix in 2 eggs and 3 tablespoons of sour milk. To make sour milk you will need to mix together 1 part white vinegar with 1 part milk in a small dish, and then measure out the 3 tablespoons needed. Add the banana mixture to the sugar and oil and mix together thoroughly. When the ingredients are thoroughly mixed together you will then need to add in 2 cups of flour, ? teaspoon of salt, ? teaspoon of baking soda, and half a cup of chopped nuts and mix together. The best way to do the mixing is for you to use a hand mixer, but you can also use a large cooking spoon to get the job done. Finally when your batter is complete you can pour your finished creation into a loaf pan that has been thoroughly greased and floured to prevent the read from sticking, and place the loaf into the oven. Your banana bread will need to bake for about 50 to 60 minutes before it will be fully cooked and ready to eat. At about 50 minutes you can check to see if the bread is cooked all the way through, to do this you will need to stick a toothpick into the middle of the loaf and pull it out. If the toothpick comes out clean the bread is finished, if there are little pieces of batter stuck to the toothpick it will need to cook for a few more minutes. Don’t worry, just put it back in the oven and it will be perfect shortly. When the toothpick comes out of the banana bread clean you can take the bread out of the oven and let it cool. Banana bread is best served warm, cut into single slices about ? an inch wide, with a bit of butter spread on top. Making amazing banana bread has never been simpler. All you have to do to have amazing, homemade banana bread is buy the ingredients, mix the ingredients together, bake the banana bread, and enjoy. Will you dare to try this simple, yet amazing banana bread recipe?

Social Teachings of the Church

Social Teachings of the Church Catholic social teaching is a body of doctrine developed by the Catholic Church on matters of poverty and wealth, economics, social organization and the role of the state and according to Pope John Paul II, its foundation â€Å"rests on the threefold cornerstones of human dignity, solidarity and subsidiarity. † It is the basis of how the short film that depicts how the leftovers of one fast food chain then become the meals of impoverished hungry people.First of all, Catholic social teaching, as mentioned above, is based on human ignity, solidarity, and subsidiarity and has been developed to aid with such matters. Dignity, which is innate, being human makes us all equal, there are no differences regardless of any race, sex, age, or even economic status. Solidarity, that we are all brothers and sisters, that we are all one human race, that what happens is for the common good. And subsidiarity, that there should be a limit on the role of the governm ent.The principles are meant to help one Judge what is fair or â€Å"equitable. † They allow us to look at social situations with a rubric for how they should be andled and how we all should be treated and how we should treat others. The social situation that was depicted in the short film was that of hunger, inequality, and poverty. First we should ask ourselves if what was depicted is fair. Is it fair that people, who have the same dignity as you and me, eat the refuse of others? Is it fair that while people get to live large, there are others barely surviving?Is it not that we are all humans, all with equal dignity? Shouldn't the common good of all be what all people should strive for? These are the questions that the principles of the ocial teachings of the church can answer. The principle of human dignity- it simply means and states that all humans are equal because by being human we are all born with equal dignity regardless of status. In the case, these people are look ed down upon and are pitied because they have to eat what others throw out, it is not fair.We are all equal, and those who suffer from poverty should have the same opportunities as everyone else, it does not only limit itself to the bodily needs such as food, but also life in general and what they should be able to accomplish. We are all equal, equal ignity; therefore we should have equal opportunities in life. The principle of Respect for Human Life- it is that human life is sacred, it is precious at every stage, from as soon as life is conceived to the moment of death, it is precious and should be cherished and respected.How are those with less respected? They are given the waste of others and food is a basic necessity of man and thus is one of the things that allow a person to live and if one is not given the proper nutrition then this life is not respected. Everyone is worthy of protection and respect. The Principle of ssociation- the centerpiece of society is the family, and it is through the family along with other social institutions that promote growth, human dignity and the common good. In the case, was common good promoted?The less fortunate were unable to get the same things and treatment as other people; our families with other social institutions such as the church can help promote common good and actually make a change about the situation that the less fortunate are in. The Principle of Participation- without participation, the benetl ts received through social institutions ill not be able to be achieved and received, The human person has the right to not shut out from participating in those institutions to achieve fulfillment.The less fortunate, the ones in the case as well, should be allowed the opportunities to participate in social institutions to achieve their fulfillment and to not Just live a live of subsistence, one that has them eating the refuse of others. The preferential protection for the poor and vulnerable- Society is marred by dif ferent social classes and divisions and those that are not as fortunate, poor and vulnerable, should be hose who are to be helped first. Why?Because they themselves cannot do anything about it and for the common good to be achieved, those who have more must achieve and allow to prevail the protection and support of those who are less fortunate. For society to be whole, common good must be achieved. Those in the case must be helped, their common good must be kept in mind as well and those with the power to achieve this common good should be able to aid those who are in need. The Principle of Solidarity- this teaching proclaims that we are our brothers' and sisters' eepers, wherever they live.We are one human family; we must learn to love our neighbors. This functions as a moral category that leads us to promote and protect the common good. In the case, those who are impoverished, are they treated as our brothers and sisters? Would you give your sisters your leftovers from the trash? I think not; this principle means that we aim for the common good, we are one human family and all we do should help one another, to not be selfish. The principle of stewardship- The Catholic tradition insists that we show our respect for the Creator y our stewardship of creation.We are managers; we must be morally responsible for our environment. These responsibilities also extend to our use of personal talents, our attention to personal health and our use of personal property. We all have talents, and we must use them for the common good. Those who have the ability to help others out should be able to do Just that, be stewards and protect those who are more in need, not only the less fortunate but also our environment for future generations so that the conditions in future generations may even improve nd that cases like this one will even be extinct. ? The principle of Subsidiarity- the principle of subsidiary puts a proper limit on government by insisting that no higher level of organization should perform something that can be handled by a lower level of organization. This takes away the chance of oppressive governments controlling everything. But in the case the government should be helping as well because the government governs its people and should look out for its common good, providing opportunities for its people. The principles of human Equality- We are all equal ecause we are all humans with the same dignity.Being equal and treating others equally is a way of defining Justice and it is this â€Å"fairness† of what is right or wrong that defines how we should all be treated. In the case, are these people equal? Are they being treated fairly? I think not, and this is a simple principle which means so much because we should all be treated equally and fairly, it s what is required of us, it is what God wants. The principle of common good- the common good is understood as the social conditions that allow people to reach their full human otential and to realize their human dignity.What everyone does, all actions, should be for this- the common good. We are all one human race and advancements by some shoul d be snared by all and we should all be able to snare the same opportunities and resources that will allow us to develop and realize our dignity, which makes us all equal. In conclusion, before enumerating these principles, I asked certain questions about equality, fairness, and dignity. The case depicted in the short film should not be a reality, these principles should be guides on what we hould be able to do to help the less fortunate and end these harsh social realities.I have answered these first questions with these principles and the answer is NO; these people should not be living a life of poverty, that the common good should be achieved, how we have the abilities to help these people, and how we are all humans with equal dignity so it should be that we all are treated fairly, equally, and Justly.

Point of View Essay Essays - Fiction, Narratology, Point Of View

Point of View Essay Essays - Fiction, Narratology, Point Of View Point of View Essay In the short story "Through the tunnel", Doris Lessing describes the adventure of Jerry, a young English boy trying to swim through an underwater tunnel. Throughout the story, the author uses the third person omniscient point of view to describe the boy's surroundings and to show us both what he and the other characters are thinking and what is happening around them. By using this point of view, the author is able to describe the setting of the story, give a detailed description of the characters, and make the theme visible. By using the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator can give us a detailed and unbiased description of his/her surroundings while still retaining part of the character's view of reality. When the narrator says "It was a wild-looking place, and there was no one there" we are given the mother's view of the boy's beach, which in her opinion is "wild looking". This gives us a clear picture of the setting. Additionally, the sentence "He went out fast over the gleaming sand, over a middle region where rocks lay like discolored monsters under the surface, and then he was in the real sea - a warm sea where irregular cold currents from the deep water shocked his limbs" clearly describes the beach where the boy is swimming and how it is seen by him. With the addition of words like "discoloured monsters" and "real sea" we can tell what the boy's feeling are toward his beach which he considers scary but at the same time challenging. By using the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is able to render the characters with information related both from direct description and from the other character's revelations. This way, the description remains unbiased, but at the same time coherent with how the various characters see it. For example, after the narrator tells us that "He was an only child, eleven years old. She was a widow. She was determined to be neither possessive nor lacking in devotion.", we are able to understand why the boy is so emotionally attached to his mother and, at the beginning, unwilling to ask her for permission to go to his beach and, later in the story, unwilling to let her know about his adventure through the tunnel. This also explains why the mother let him go without questions, even if she was very worried about him. Also, when the narrator describes the native boys as "big boys - men to Jerry", we realize that although the boys might be only a little older than Jerry, he con siders them as men and he tries everything to become like one of them, even going through the long, dark and dangerous underwater tunnel. I believe that if the writer would have used first person point of view, we would only perceive what that single character is experiencing, thus giving us a limited and one-sided view of the world. In this story, the narrator gives us the important clues that lead us to the theme by letting us know what the characters think. For example, when the Jerry's mother says "Of course he's old enough to be safe without me", we realize that the boy is at a point in his life when he is ready to discover the world by himself. In addition, when his mother thinks "Have I been keeping him too close? He mustn't feel he ought to be with me. I must be careful.", we realize that the author implies that it is wrong to keep him close to her for too long, and both these examples add to the notion that the rite of passage must be undergone without the interference of others. Obviously, this concept wouldn't have been clear without the view of the mother. In addition, Jerry perceives swimming through the underwater tunnel as something that men (the other boys) must accomplish, and that specific action has to be seen as "the rite of passage" in this story. With the third person omniscient point of vie w, the narrator is able to make the theme clearly visible to the reader, which is that a rite of passage (swimming through the

If a firm wants to maximize profits , it must give careful attention Essay

If a firm wants to maximize profits , it must give careful attention to its pricing decisions .under what conditions does this statement have relevance what a - Essay Example Profit is the difference between the total revenue and total costs of a business enterprise. Profits are considered to arise either as rewards for risk taking or due to the imperfections in the economy or as reward for innovations, according to economic theories (Dean 1977, pp. 5 – 9). Rewards for risk taking: Entrepreneurs are essentially people with the ability to take risks. The risk involved is, to be prepared to accept as their share of the (monetary) value of the enterprise activities, after all costs have been provided for. What is left may be losses or minimal profits or more than reasonable profits. It is this risk that entitles the entrepreneur to keep for himself whatever is left at the end of the day. This is his profit. A good example of the reward for risk taking is photocopying business. When the plain paper photocopying technique was invented, it was a risky business to invest in, as the future would be that of ‘computerized paperless offices’. Rank Xerox Corporation, on the other hand, was willing to accept the risk and acquired the technology and patent rights. The stupendous success of this decision and the great revenues that it brought to Rank Xerox, are legendary (www.xerox.com). Imperfections in economy: According to this view, profits arise due to ‘†¦the imperfections in the adjustment of economy to change’ (Dean 1977, p.8). Imperfection refers to the competitive situation. There is a time lag between the occurrence of a change and the return of the market to near-perfect competitive position or equilibrium, and it is during this time of absorbing the change that profits accrue. An example of this type of opportunity is the occasional shortage in supply of food grains due to bad weather or crop failure and the time lag before a government takes corrective actions for increasing supplies through imports etc. Reward for innovation: In this third view on how profits arise, it is postulated that profits are what the

Statistical Quantitive Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical Quantitive Methods - Essay Example marketing manager has indicated that she wants to know how long it takes Internet users to access your company’s internet screen, since there is concern it is taking too long and deterring interest. You have asked colleagues and friends at a variety of other organisations to access your own company’s web site and keep a careful record of how long it took them to get into the company’s home page. i. Explain which measure(s) of average and dispersion you would suggest using for this data and the reasons for your preference. You are required to justify the choice of the Statistical Quantities made and calculate these quantities. Other statistical tools that would best describe this data are standard deviation, Measure of skewness and kurtosis. The standard deviation will tell a manger how tight various samples are clustered around the mean giving him the cohesiveness of the data he has. Measures of skewness and kurtosis give a visual analysis of the data that the manager can use to draw quick conclusions. III a) The Quality Control department of TV tube manufacturer has observed that on an average out of every 10000 tubes produced, 5 are found to be defective. If a sample of 20 bulbs is selected, what is the probability that non are defective. What is the probability that for the same sample size that at least two are defective? We know that probability is a long term relative frequency so that every probability of an occurrence of an event corresponds a function in distribution. Using this concept we can find the average (mean) number of defective bulbs then we can get the number of defective bulbs in 20 bulbs then reconvert to probability. b) A consultancy firm submits three proposals for consideration by three different clients. It considers that the chances of the proposals being accepted are 0.5, 0.3 and 0.25 respectively .what is the probability